Binary number – The Grey Earl INFO

A binary number is a number expressed in the base-2 numeral system or binary numeral system, a method of mathematical expression which uses only two symbols: typically “0” (zero) and “1” (one).

Numeral systems
Hindu–Arabic numeral system
Western Arabic Eastern Arabic Bengali Devanagari Gujarati Gurmukhi Odia Sinhala Tamil Malayalam Telugu Kannada Dzongkha Tibetan Balinese Burmese Javanese Khmer Lao Mongolian Sundanese Thai
East Asian
Chinese Suzhou Hokkien Japanese Korean Vietnamese Tangut Counting rods
American
Cherokee Kaktovik (Iñupiaq)
Alphabetic
Abjad Armenian Āryabhaṭa Cyrillic Geʽez Georgian Greek Hebrew Roman
Former
Aegean Attic Babylonian Brahmi Chuvash Cistercian Egyptian Etruscan Glagolitic Kharosthi Mayan Muisca Pentimal Rumi Prehistoric counting Tally marks Quipu
Positional systems by base
2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 60
Non-standard positional numeral systems
Bijective numeration (1) Signed-digit representation (balanced ternary) mixed (factorial) negative Complex-base system (2i) Non-integer base of numeration (φ) Asymmetric numeral systems
List of numeral systems
v t e

The base-2 numeral system is a positional notation with a radix of 2. Each digit is referred to as a bit, or binary digit. Because of its straightforward implementation in digital electronic circuitry using logic gates, the binary system is used by almost all modern computers and computer-based devices, as a preferred system of use, over various other human techniques of communication, because of the simplicity of the language.

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The modern binary number system was studied in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries by Thomas Harriot, Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz, and Gottfried Leibniz. However, systems related to binary numbers have appeared earlier in multiple cultures including ancient Egypt, China, and India. Leibniz was specifically inspired by the Chinese I Ching.

See also: Ancient Egyptian mathematics

Arithmetic values thought to have been represented by parts of the Eye of Horus

The scribes of ancient Egypt used two different systems for their fractions, Egyptian fractions (not related to the binary number system) and Horus-Eye fractions (so called because many historians of mathematics believe that the symbols used for this system could be arranged to form the eye of Horus, although this has been disputed).[1] Horus-Eye fractions are a binary numbering system for fractional quantities of grain, liquids, or other measures, in which a fraction of a hekat is expressed as a sum of the binary fractions 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32, and 1/64. Early forms of this system can be found in documents from the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt, approximately 2400 BC, and its fully developed hieroglyphic form dates to the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt, approximately 1200 BC.[2]

The method used for ancient Egyptian multiplication is also closely related to binary numbers. In this method, multiplying one number by a second is performed by a sequence of steps in which a value (initially the first of the two numbers) is either doubled or has the first number added back into it; the order in which these steps are to be performed is given by the binary representation of the second number. This method can be seen in use, for instance, in the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, which dates to around 1650 BC.[3]

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