Yaruro language – The Grey Earl INFO

The Yaruro language (also spelled Llaruro or Yaruru; also called Yuapín or Pumé) is an indigenous language spoken by Yaruro people, along the Orinoco, Cinaruco, Meta, and Apure rivers of Venezuela. It is not well classified; it may be an isolate, or distantly related to the extinct Esmeralda language.

Yaruro
Pumé
Region	Venezuela
Ethnicity	Yaruro people
Native speakers	7,900 (2001 census)[1]
Language family	Esmeralda–Yaruro ? Yaruro
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`yae`
Glottolog	`pume1238`
ELP	Yaruro

. . . Yaruro language . . .

Pache (2016) considers Yaruro to be related to the Chocoan languages, citing evidence from lexical and sound correspondences. Some shared lexical items between Yaruro and Chocoan (Pache (2016) cites Yaruro and Epena forms from the Intercontinental Dictionary Series):[2]

Yaruro	Chocoan
dac͡ço ‘eye, face,’ c͡ço ‘seed, fruit, nut’	Epenatautʰu ‘forehead’
da ‘eye’ (used in complex forms)	Proto-Chocoan da ‘eye region,’ da-ˈbu ‘eye,’ Epena ˈtau ‘eye’
duɾi ‘after’	Proto-Chocoan **duˈɾi ‘tail’
ɡõã ‘meat, flesh,’ goe ‘blood’	Proto-Emberá *uˈa ‘blood’
hu ‘bone,’ hu c͡çia ‘strong’	Proto-Chocoan *huˈa ‘arm, hand,’ Epena huaˈtau* ‘strong’
i ‘skin’	Proto-Emberá *ˈe ‘skin’
ĩbu ‘nose’	Proto-Chocoan **kẽˈbu ‘nose’
ic͡çi ‘hand’	Epena iˈsia ‘wing’

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Saliba-Hodi, Arawak, Bora-Muinane, Choko, Witoto-Okaina, and Waorani language families due to contact.[3]

		Labial	Dental	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t	c	k	ʔ
Plosive	voiced	b	d	ɟ	ɡ
Affricate	voiceless		ts
Affricate	voiced		dz
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	ʃ	x	h
Fricative	voiced	v	ð	ʒ
Rhotic			ɾ
Lateral			l
Approximant		w		j

. . . Yaruro language . . .

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